Great Gatsby Essay- Social, Critical, Gender Lens

Society as Seen Through the Novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald â€Å"Well-lit streets discourage sin, but don't overdo it. †-William Kennedy. The 1920’s were days of carefree living, American dreaming, and wishful thinking. Society differed from just ten years before hand, and society was moving forward with the new changes. However the day to day living of this American dream was nothing but a sin in the making, and the crash resulted with immoral thoughts, harsh gender roles, and the split between the wealthy and poor. The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald is a novel that goes underneath all the party, carefree living, and brings out the deeper meaning of society at the time. The author provides the reader with a writing piece that exemplifies the greed and ignorance of the upper class people, the power of the male sex over the female, with the exception of love, and the moral thoughts that stuck to people in the 1920’s. F. Scott Fitzg erald’s writing brought out the deeper meaning of the difference between the wealthy and the poor and how ignorant, greedy, and carefree the upper classes really were during the 1920’s.Their actions and behaviour during the parties that Gatsby had thrown were a glimpse of the ignorance, greed, and carefree living. â€Å"I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby’s house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited- the [just] went there† (Fitzgerald 41). Nick comes out saying that he feels as if he were the only one who was actually invited to the party, unlike the other hundreds of people. Being the most honest person within the novel, the reader realizes how greedy and ignorant the people of the 1920’s may be.These people come to the party to have a good time for themselves and not to have a good time with the person throwing it either. Their carefree attitude is revealed when they break the stuff wit hin the house at the party and make themselves at home as if they know the owner of the house on a personal basis. With no care in the world for Gatsby’s possessions, the party goers reveal a side of them that was seen as sociably acceptable amongst the upper class.A second example of greed, ignorance, and carefree within the upper class in the novel comes behind the character of Tom. Tom’s attitude, personality, and the vibe around him help illustrate this greedy, ignorant, and carefree behaviour. With all the money in the world he had inherited at such a young age, it is clear Tom has no worry in the world of what people may think of him or what he does. His carefree behaviour is seen with his behaviour to his wife and his unfaithful action, his ignorance towards others with his words, and the way he thinks of himself. We were in the same senior society, and while we were never intimate I always had the impression that he approved of me and wanted me to like him with some harsh, defiant wistfulness of his own† (Fitzgerald 7). For Nick to even feel as if he had to be approved of liking Tom, shows the type of person Tom truly is. His ignorance in his thought and attitude makes him believe he has the social power due to his money to think he can approve if you may be friends and like him.It shows that Tom only really likes Nick because of the fact that he is lower in class then him and does not have any threat to Tom’s overall power in wealth. These two examples help support Fitzgerald’s message of the greed, ignorance, and carefree behaviour that existed amongst the rich who had money, or thought they had money, in society during the decade of the twenties. Gender played a substantial role in the power in the 1920’s, and Fitzgerald showed this through his writing; how the male role had an upper hand on the woman, with the exception of Gatsby’s love for Daisy.Throughout the novel it is clear that the male gender a lmost always has the power over the female role. The male characters in the novel, such as Tom for instance, show the reader how this power can be used and what a danger it can place on the female role. â€Å"Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. Then there were bloody towels upon the bathroom floor, and women’s voices scolding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald 37). The power of the male sex is clearly shown to the reader with Tom’s abusive actions.Due to an argument that got out of hand between Tom and his mistress Myrtle Wilson at a party in their apartment in New York City, Tom open handily hit Myrtle across the face, breaking her nose. These abusive actions seemed to be normal to the people at the party, and although they were not overly happy with Tom’s action, the male power is easily accepted amongst the group of people. It was acceptable in the time of the 1920’s to lay your hand on your woman once in a while to ke ep them in line, and if push game to shove, the reason for the abuse was never blamed on the male in the situation, however on the emale. Fitzgerald includes this power of the male gender not only because he is a male, but to show the reader that the male did truly have the upper hand in society at the time, and that the woman was placed underneath the male at every occasion. One male power was however seen to the reader as placed under the woman. In the case of Gatsby, his love for Daisy had placed his power beneath hers, as the love that he constantly wanted from her and that was never truly given, had him on rope. His actions revolved around Daisy’s love and he adored her every move.All his power and fame due to his riches was for no one other than his past lover, Daisy. She truly held all his power, as anything that he believed needed to be done to impress he was done. An example of Daisy’s power in Gatsby is shown when Gatsby admits the reason he bought the house in the location it is at. â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay† (Fitzgerald 78). Gatsby always wanted to have Daisy close by, in a way where in one swift motion he could grasp her and hold her but that never seemed to happen, even with the location of his house.Yet again his every move was controlled by the love he had for Daisy and the impression he wanted to lay upon her. Fitzgerald’s use of the character Gatsby helped to convey how love has an effect on a male’s power role, especially if he is the one chasing after that love. Man, in all means, is demonstrated as the power role in the Great Gatsby, however the love that makes a man chase after, is one that leaves the woman with the upper hand on the power, no matter the society that surrounds it.Fitzgerald’s writing did more than just bring out the social, and gender roles that impacted the society at the time. His writing brought out the immoral actions that people at the time saw as a floozy and acceptable: unfaithfulness and materialistic happiness. At any given time or day, being unfaithful is truly unacceptable in today’s society. In spite of this, Fitzgerald shows the reader that during the 1920’s, being unfaithful and cheating on spouses was perfectly acceptable and in many cases was known publicly.The author uses the character Tom as only one case of a character that has affairs with his wife Daisy, of which he shares a child with. Furthermore, the author exaggerates and proves to the reader that this was not the first time that Tom had an affair with Daisy, however even before their marriage, Tom was up to these duff ways. â€Å"A week after I left Santa Barbara, Tom ran into a wagon on the Ventura road one night and ripped a front wheel off his car. The girl who was with him got into the papers, too, because her arm was broken- she was one of the chambermaids in the Santa Barbara Hotel† (Fitzgerald 77).Through th e course of Tom’s behaviour with other woman, Fitzgerald shows the reader that society accepted flirtatious behaviour, affairs, and broken marriages. At the time, it was not something that was hidden or put to shame by lots of people, but on the other hand was left open and left untalked or cared about. By showing the reader that not only Tom, but Daisy, Myrtle, and even Gatsby, get involved with the life of affairs and cheating, supports the idea of unfaithfulness in society at the time. Materialistic happiness was yet another immoral view that was sought out to be done and wanted by many at the time of the 1920’s.Instead of building and finding happiness within themselves to be generally happy in life, the people within society relied on material goods to bring out their happiness. For instance, Mr Gatsby’s house is described as over excessive and filled with tonnes and tonnes of possessions. Nick and Daisy had walked through â€Å"the Marie Antoinette music rooms and Restoration Salons†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald 91). Gatsby’s house is filled with materialistic goods that he believes will make the difference in winning Daisy over.Daisy couldn’t marry a poor man, which is why it is believed that she went on to marry Tom. Gatsby believed by gaining all these materialistic goods worth a substantial amount of money, he would naturally win over Daisy, so that he may now be truly happy. Nevertheless, Gatsby’s plan fell short and the materialistic happiness he was hoping Daisy would fall for, never quite fell through. This materialistic want factor, shows that society’s happiness at the time was not due to good relationships, moments, and feelings, however was based on material goods, money, and being sociably acceptable.The immoral values and beliefs that were seen as sociably acceptable during the 1920’s in society, such as unfaithfulness and materials being the keys to happiness, show the reader the real va lue of society’s thoughts and wants. The greed and ignorance of the wealthy, the power that came with the male role, and the immoral values that were seen acceptable during the 1920’s show the reader the Fitzgerald’s true view of society in the 1920’s. It is evident that the social, gender, and moral roles, played a great impact on the events that happened in the 1920’s and the behaviour of the people at the time.It also shows that these three roles are influential on all aspects and decades of society and future years to come. Although this carefree lifestyle was seen to be very relaxing and fun to be along in, Fitzgerald teaches a lesson that, every perfect outlook has its flaws. Although things might seem good on one side, the other side of the fence may see the entire negative and loop holes to the actual thing itself. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The great Gatsby. New York, NY: Scribner, 1996. Print.

Quality Control of Parenterals

From Greek, Para outside; enter=intestine and exerts their action by directly entering into the systemic circulation. The quality of prankster's is the sum of all parameters that contribute to safety, efficacy and therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Drug products administered by injection are characterized by three qualities pertinacity, and freedom from particulate matter. The USPS compendia requirements has recommended the following tests for parentally products:1 . Pyroxene Testing.2. Sterility Testing.3. Particulate matter Testing.4. Package integrity Test.5. Safety Test.Pyroxene Testing Pyroxene are fever producing substances, which are metabolic products of microorganisms. Chemically, they are lipid substances associated with a carrier molecule, which is usually a polysaccharide. Pyroxene are produced by many microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts and McCollum. Most potent pyroxene are the antitoxins produced from the cell walls of the Gram- negative bacteria. Pyroxene can cau se a lot of damage, if they are injected into a human being. Hence every batch of parentally is tested for the presence of pyroxene. Page Number 5 Following Tests are Performed for Pyroxene testing: A. Rabbit Pyroxene Test (RPR) B. Ilium's Embody Alyssa (ALA) Test C. Monocot Activation Test (MAT) A.Rabbit Pyroxene Test (RPR) Introduction Selection of animals Animal quarters Retaining boxes Materials Thermometer Preliminary test Main test Interpretation 0 Introduction It is an in vivo test to detect the presence of pyroxene in parental to ensure their quality standards. In 1942 it was added on USPS as official test but it was replaced with ALA test in 1982. Biologic are still tested with RPR Early indention detection was accomplished by injecting rabbits with the sample and observing the response in their body temperature. Rabbits have similar indention tolerance to humans, and were thus an ideal choice. However, this method was costly, time consuming, and prompted protests from anim als rights advocates. But perhaps the biggest drawback of this test was its inability to quantify the indention level.Selection of animals Rabbits are used in this test because they show similar response as in humans. Following is selection criteria according to USPS 0 Albino rabbits should be used which grams in weight. 0 Rabbit should not loss its weight during week of test 0 Rabbit should be physically healthy 0 Rabbit should be on balance diet 0 Rabbit should not be administered with any anti body 7th – A I Survivors I The University of Lahore Page Number 6 0 The rabbits which are used three days before in a negative pyroxene test are not used 0 The rabbits which are used two weeks before in a positive pyroxene test are not used 0 Animal quarters Rabbits should be kept in special cages and individual rabbit in a single cage.Quarter and cage should be fulfilled following criteria: 0 Design of cage should be certified from ALL (American association of accreditation of labor atory animals) 0 Temperature of quarter should be 20 to 30 degree Celsius (temperature of performance area should also be in this range with deviation of 3) 0 If temperature of performance area is different from area where animals are kept then animals must be brought in performance area 18 hours before test 0 In performance area there should not be noise, due to noise temperature of rabbit can rise from 0. To 10 degree Celsius , which become normal after 6 to 9 hours. 0 Retaining boxes Rabbits are kept in separate boxes 1 hour before performance, design of boxes should be such that body can easily move and neck is at opening side. 0 Materials Materials such as syringes glassware etc. Should be washed with water for injection and place in hot air oven at 200 degree Celsius for 1 hour or at 250 degree Celsius for 30 minutes for dehydrogenation..Treat all diluents and solutions for washing and rinsing of devices or parentally injection assemblies in a manner that will assure that they are sterile and pyroxene -free. Periodically perform control pyroxene tests on representative portions of the diluents and solutions for washing or rinsing of the apparatus. 7th – A I Survivors The University of Lahore Page Number 7 0 Thermometer theorists probes or similar probes that have been calibrated to assure an accuracy of ? ±0. 1 0 and have been tested to determine that a maximum reading is reached in less than 5 minutes. Rectal thermometer is used in this test which is calibrated with 1 degree Celsius marks.Thermometer is inserted at depth of 5 centimeter. Temperature should be measured within 5 minutes. 0 Preliminary test Measure the temperature 1-1. 5 hours before test 0 Wash the marginal ear vein with ethyl alcohol (antiseptic) ethyl alcohol also act as clearing agent. 0 Now inject pyroxene free water with dose of 10 ml per keg. 0 Measure the temperature at intervals of 30 minutes for 3 hours 0 Any rabbit showing variation in temperature of 0. 6 degree will no t be used in main tests. 0 Main test Select three rabbits which are passed in the preliminary test. Monitor the temperature and inject the product after 90 minutes in marginal ear vein Dose should be 0. Ml/keg to 10 ml/keg as specified in individual monogram Product can be eluted with pyroxene free water or any solvent recommended in official books Quantity of drug is as in monogram. 0 Measurement of temperature and pyroxene response Measure the initial temperatures within 40 minutes of injection for this purpose take one reading at after 10 minutes and second after 30 minutes average of both will be the initial temperature. 7th – A I Survivors The University of Lahore Page Number 8 Now monitor the temperature for 3 hours at the intervals of 30 minutes and note the highest temperature.

“Fossil Fuels Improve the Planet” by Alex Epstein Essay

Part 1: Graphical Representation Part 2: Summary of argument In the article â€Å"Fossil Fuels Improve the Planet† (Epstein, 2013), Alex Epstein’s main claim was that fossil fuels should be used without restriction as they provide reliable and affordable energy that improves the lives of mankind. Aiming to convince the reader fossil fuels should be freely used, he first argued that the energy provided by fossil fuels is vital to the health and well-being of mankind. He supported this by stating that processes such as purifying water, mass production of medicine and fresh food, heating and construction are vital in allowing mankind to lead healthy lives and being able to cope in harsh climates. Epstein stressed that none of these things would exist in the modern world without the energy from fossil fuels. Next, he argued that alternatives like renewable energy are not effective. He asserts that renewable energy is unreliable, not cost effective and also unable to be mass-produced. He supported this by saying that even after years of investments from many countries only accounts for less than 0.5% of the planets energy. Finally, Epstein concluded by stating that fossil fuels are not â€Å"dirty energy†. He supported this by saying current technology can reduce waste produced in using fossil fuels to a minimum. He argued that since all processes create some waste, any process can be considered â€Å"dirty† and rejected. Epstein hence contended that mankind should focus on building better lives by reaping the benefits of using fossil fuels rather than worrying about whether processes were â€Å"dirty† or not. Part 3: Evaluation of argument Epstein’s first argument is that the energy provided by fossil fuels is vital to the health and well-being of mankind. The assumption he makes in his argument is that burning fossil fuels is the largest or sole provider of energy to mankind. This is validated by empirical data collected on a  global scale from The World Energy Outlook 2013 (International Energy Agency, 2013) which recorded that 82% of the world’s total energy supply came from fossil fuels in 2011 and will likely only fall to 75% in 2035, remaining the major source of energy for years to come. The argument uses deductive reasoning to prove that the energy provided by fossil fuels is vital to the health and well-being of mankind based on the premise that the energy powers important machines and processes that mankind needs to thrive. Epstein supports this by listing processes such as purifying water, the mass production of medicine and fresh food, heating and construction. He states that these processes provides necessities that are key in keep sickness at bay and allowing mankind to cope with the often harsh climate, leading to what he claims to be the healthiest and cleanest living environment in human history. The evidence Epstein provides shows that the affordable reliable energy from fossil fuels provides important necessities such as clean water and medicine that is vital to the health and well-being of mankind. This is congruent to Dennis Anderson’s points in â€Å"World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability† (United Nations Development Programme, 2000, Chapter 11 p.394) where he reports that the presence of modern sources of energy can improve the standards of living for billions of people across the globe, especially those in developing countries who lack access to basic services and necessities similar to those described by Epstein due to consumption levels of energy being far lower than those in industrialized countries. This shows the state of people who lack access to modern energy and how their lives can be greatly improved if more energy was available to them. Therefore since Epstein’s argument uses deductive reasoning to prove that the energy provided by fossil fuels is vital to the health and well-being of mankind, since the premise is true, the conclusion of the argument is valid. References Anderson, D. United Nations Development Programme, United Nations. & World Energy Council. (2000). World Energy Assessment: Energy and the challenge of sustainability. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme In: Chapter 11 Energy and Economic Prosperity. (P.394-411) Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/ International Energy Agency & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2013). World energy outlook 2013. Paris: OECD/IEA. Retrieved from http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ Epstein’s second argument is that alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels are not as effective. The argument uses inductive reasoning as Epstein focuses on 2 alternative sources of energy and attempts to convince the reader of his argument based on their observed limitations. The premises offered are that renewable energy such as solar and wind is unreliable, not cost effective and also unable to be mass-produced. He is able to support this with his claim that even after years of investments from many countries renewable energy only accounts for less than 0.5% of the planets energy. He also supports this by quoting examples of some richer countries that have been unsuccessful in making renewable energies usable on a larger scale even after spending large sums of money, resulting in rising youth unemployment rates as high as 50% in Spain and electrical prices doubling in the case of Germany. These cases and facts accurately shows the limitations of renewable energies ment ioned in his premises. This is supported by Professor Barry Brook in his in-depth critique on renewable energy â€Å"Renewable Limits† (Brook, 2009, TCASE 4 & 7) where he states that input for energy for solar and wind is unreliable and also shows how costly and economically unfeasible it is to make solar and wind plants reliable on a global scale. The report demonstrates this by calculating the large amounts of materials and investment needed to make each renewable energy source reliable on a global scale e.g. 1,250,000 tonnes of concrete and 335,000 tonnes of steel per day from 2010 to 2050 for wind power to be reliable. Therefore, the facts in the premises Epstein offers are true. However, he chooses to purely focus on solar and wind as alternatives to fossil fuels and not on other more promising alternative sources of energy such as hydroelectric power or nuclear. Although he mentions them in his argument, acknowledging them as able to provide more significant and reliabl e power compared to solar and wind, Epstein fails to go any further in depth than that. The World Energy Outlook 2012 (International Energy Agency, 2012) showed that renewable energy is likely to grow to become the second-largest energy source by 2015, with its share of global power generation rising from 20% in 2010 to 31% by 2035 mostly stemming from hydroelectric power and nuclear power. Although the report states that this depends on continued subsidies, subsidies for renewable energy are also projected to reach $240 billion per year in 2035 from $44 billion in 2010, for 31% of global power. The report suggests that given enough time renewables like hydroelectric power and nuclear could be produced on a wide enough scale to compete with fossil fuels. This shows that the other alternatives not evaluated fully by Epstein are definitely gaining traction and support around the world and are able to produce affordable and reliable energy as well, potentially on a global scale given time. Although he claims to have focused only on solar and wind as environmentalists , opponents of fossil fuels, often only champion solar and wind power over nuclear and hydroelectric power, it is a very weak reason to not go into detail about these alternatives that are clearly gaining much traction and support around the world as shown in the source. Hence, Epstein fails to consider the full scope of alternatives in his argument and seems to focus only on alternatives that have clear limitations to strengthen his argument. Since his argument uses inductive reasoning to prove that alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels are not effective, based on the premises provided not painting a complete picture of the issue at hand, and the fact that the alternatives ignored show more promise than the ones mentioned in the premises, his argument is weak and not convincing. References Brook, B (2009). Renewable Limits | Brave New Climate. Retrieved from http://bravenewclimate.com/renewable-limits/ International Energy Agency & Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2012). World energy outlook 2012. Paris: OECD/IEA. Retrieved from http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/

Food and Beverage Operations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 43

Food and Beverage Operations - Case Study Example I would delete the fourth point of Ed Hasting’s list that suggests on holding a meeting with the managers of other units. This is because it is important to give other managers the freedom of becoming autonomous decision makers. Such managers need to have an initiative in the implementation of change in the areas they find necessary within their units (Fisher & Ashley, p. 16). The most important item is the idea of visiting at least one franchise and one company store per week. This is because once there is the formulation of a change policy; individuals within the organization could hesitate in the implementation. Therefore, it is important for Ed Hastings to monitor the level of implementation of the change, to ensure that the actual change occurs (Fisher & Ashley, p. 17). Every employee among the teammates of performing units needs to receive an equal share of the $20,000 bonus pool. This is because the essence of teamwork is the provision of a particular outcome of the engagement of equal efforts. Therefore, the performance reward needs to consider and be an integral part of the equal effort. The Food and Beverage Industry has several trending concerns. Most of the companies are placing an emphasis on the reduction of food waste. This entails the formulation of measures that ensure the reduction of waste from the start to the end of the supply chain. Another concern is the need for the companies to focus on food and beverage safety. This ensures that the companies achieve consumer trust through the provision of quality products. The know-lead leadership model has five practices. To begin with, the leaders develop the goals and principles for the people in an organization. Secondly, they inspire the people to have a commitment towards achieving the goals. Thirdly, the leaders challenge transition policies through the innovation of better ways that ensure organizational improvement. Fourthly, they give other  people in the organization a chance to suggest and implement strategies of the organization.  

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Research project - Essay Example The report by A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015) also reveals that the US and China are among such nations that have a significant online market size. It is also notable that the UK, Japan, Germany, and France, are also among such nations, which have considerable online market size. A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015) in its report also suggests that Hong Kong, and Singapore, is among such nations that have a significant infrastructure, which largely contribute to the growth of e-commerce. The other nations including the US, UK, Japan, South Korea, Germany, France, Belgium, Australia, Canada, Netherlands, also have considerable development in infrastructure, which significantly contribute to the growth of e-commerce. In the report by A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015), the nations such as Denmark, the UK, Germany, South Korea, Hong Kong, Netherlands, and Sweden are considered to possess potential consumer behaviour, which has led to the growth of e-commerce in retail in such nations. It is also notable that the other nations such as the US, Japan, France, Belgium, Australia, Canada have considerable potentiality in consumer behaviour, which has led to the growth of e-commerce market in such nations. However, the report by A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015) also suggests that apart from China, and Venezuela, very few nations have considerable growth potential in e-commerce retail industry. The underneath tabular description represents the current scenario of e-commerce retail industry in some of the nations. According to the report by A.T. Kearney, Inc. (2015), majority of the nations do not possess a considerable potentiality in e-commerce retail market. This is largely because of the fact that although the e-commerce retail market is growing positively in the global context, but it is in decreasing rate. It is only notable in China, Venezuela, and few other nations, where retail e-commerce market is growing at an increasing rate. The underneath graphical

Technoligies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technoligies - Essay Example ys of old was the pinhole camera also referred as ‘Camera Obscura’ which was a preferred tool in the realistic portrayal of objects and as a drawing tool. The partnership between joseph Nicephore Niepce and a French man Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre brought about the development of photographs that were permanent and this preceded the capturing of image with minimal requirement of light exposure. The process of image capture and processing went from the negative to positive process from which multiple positive prints would be made. This innovation is where paper is sensitized to light with a silver salt solution and followed by exposure to light which caused the paper’s background to change colour to black and the intended focus is rendered in nuance of grey. The result produced the negative image and a reverse process of the shadow and light is applied to create a positive picture. Photography innovations elevated to the dry plate negatives and hand held cameras making production easier. The flexible roll film that was unbreakable came into existence and in early 1940s, colour photographs were introduced into the commercial market place. The colour films used a chemical process that attaches three layers of dye together generating an ostensible colour appearance. The transformation of camera technology has provided breakthroughs in research, information gathering, communications, and treatments providing doctors new methods of practicing medicine. In a survey conducted by American Life Project and Pew Internet, the findings indicated that about 66% of individuals browsed for healthcare data on the internet. The material sought after on the internet includes; treatment exploration, symptoms check, and medicines which is made available through captured images by photography. Doctors in some parts of the world have decided to apply the use of cameras to determine the extents of pain through facial recognition. This has assisted in elimination of ambiguity in

The Long Valley by John Steinbeck Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Long Valley by John Steinbeck - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to discuss this matter, as well as any and all other key points of interested related to this. This is what will be dissertated in the following. This work of Steinbeck's is set in the beautiful area of the Salinas Valley of California, with the primary plot being that of simple people who are struggling to find a place for themselves in the world. There are certain issues which are made rather obvious or blatant, one of those being the tensions between town and country, laborers and owners, past and present. These particular issues can be related to by all, which is why The Long Valley is such a delivering and moralizing literary work. There is a subtle yet purposefully planned relationship between the setting and the characters themselves, which is set in the form of an external and internal landscape, with the setting being external, and the characters being internal. The basis and most important part of this relationship is that the characters each have their own distinctive categorization from each other, all which relate significantly to a different aspect of the landscape setting. From the main characters, Henry and Elisa Allen, to more minor ones such as Peter Randall and his eighty-seven pound wife Emma; Steinbeck obviously took his time in creating each one's separate and diverse yet intriguing and relating characteristics, with a telling story plot in his mind. John Steinbeck is a writer who is notoriously known for his intelligent and well thought out writings, and this work of his is categorized by many as the best of it all. The morals, meanings, thoughtfulness, and the fact that practically everyone can gain from this reading a relating and understanding feeling, proves that this work is certainly a must read. Works Cited Steinbeck, John. The Long Valley. Toronto: Penguin Books,

BAT concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BAT concept - Essay Example 'Permitted processes have to show that they have applied the best available technique (BAT) approach when applying for an IPPC permit'. Considering this statement, a critical evaluation will be done in this paper on the ways pollution is regulated in England and Wales and whether or not BAT should be applied. BAT is seen to be the most effective way of controlling and reducing the emission of hazardous pollutants into the atmosphere. Following points will throw light on the purpose of BAT (Scottish Executive, 2006) & (EC, 2003). A relevant example is of petrochemical company in South England .The requirement was to use butadiene from pure butenes for its down-stream processes knowing the fact that butadiene is a pollutant. Since it was a major requirement, they extracted butadiene from butenes using cuprous ammonium acetate. In doing so, 200 tones of ammonia and 140 tones of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were emitted in air. 300 tones of ammonia and 6 tones of copper ran into the systems purifying water (Slater, D.). Since these amounts were disturbing, the company decided to replace the butene extraction process with a new process named 'Catalytic Hydrogenation Process' which had zero emissions to air during the reduction of butadiene to butene. The results after changing the procedures showed that annually, only 7 tones of VOCs were released in air from valves of the system and less than 1 kilogram of hydrocarbons were released to water (Slater, D.). Another company owned by an American manufacturer of fluorescent tubes had to shift to a cleaner process in order to minimize emissions of VOCs in air. The tubes, coated with phosphor, lost 500 tones of xylene in air. It took 30 years for the company to design and implement a cleaner process that would reduce the environmental risks. A water-based carrier system was installed in the UK factory. As s result, only 1.25 tones of ammonia were lost in air annually (Slater, D.). Pollution Regulation in England and Wales In 2008, a consultation plan on 'The Pollution Inventory 2009-2011' for pollution regulation in England and Wales was passed by the Environmental Agency aiming to improve environmental conditions in UK (EA, 2008). The aim of Pollution Inventory (PI) is to reduce all the sources of pollution caused by the industrial activities by (EA, 2008): Warning the industrialists about the pollution caused from industrial activities so that they realise the responsibility of being a good citizen and encouraging them to apply and use environmental- friendly procedures in installing and operating industries. Supporting common people to gain information about pollution caused

Reviewing and evaluating financial management processes Essay

Reviewing and evaluating financial management processes - Essay Example The manager takes effective measures in controlling the budgets of the organization so that the cost does not exceed the estimated budget. The allowable cost helps in determining the allowability, reasonableness and allocability of costs for the managers. Cash management and compliance of the organization are supervised under the surveillance of the manager of the organization for better performance.Matching available resources to planned activities.The four main financial records are the trading account, the profit and loss account or the income statement, the balance sheet and the cash flow statement of a company.   These financial records provide accountability, reliability and can even be used as legal evidence while taking decisions regarding the concerned organization. The financial records are tool which can constrain the individuals from engaging in corrupt practices. Conversely, the financial records can protect an innocent of false accusations. Implementation of the recor ds management control is a must for the effective financial management process of the organization. The purpose of preparing financial performance report for the organization is to bring forth the core information which would otherwise be obscured, highlighting of significant items and relationships between them, enhancing comparability and improving the understandability of the financials of the organization.The timing of the financial report is as important to the organization as that of the financial information.... Conversely, the financial records can protect an innocent of false accusations. Implementation of the records management control is a must for the effective financial management process of the organisation.2 Answer 3 The purpose of preparing financial performance report for the organisation is to bring forth the core information which would otherwise be obscured, highlighting of significant items and relation between them, enhancing comparability and improving the understandability of the financials of the organisation. Even the stability and the riskiness of the organisation can well be determined from the financial performance report of the organisation.3 Answer 4 A person can verify the accuracy of the financial management report by4: Reviewing the financial documents in a comprehensible manner Monitor the preparation of budget of the organisation Calculate realistic funding needs and identify the appropriate sources Matching available resources to planned activities Establishing a centralized database of information Ensure that all data are consistently reported amongst subsidiaries Making executives accountable for the financial reports by personally verifying their accuracy. For example: The audited financial report of a company projected in the company’s annual report portrays the present financial condition of the company. This annual report is issued for all the stakeholders of the company who takes the decision of investment after going through the financial report of the company audited by some external auditor. Answer 5 The timing of the financial report is as important to the organisation as that of the financial information. Timing has great influence in the financial reporting of an entity which constraint the official information

Ballet Don Quixote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ballet Don Quixote - Essay Example Th first Russin production ws producd by Chrls Didlot in two cts in St Ptrsburg in 1808, nd in 1809 vrsion ws mountd in nglnd by Jms Hrvy D'gvill. Pul Tglioni (brothr of bllrin Mri Tglioni) prsntd vrsion in Brlin in 1839 nd his uncl Slvtor Tglioni st production t th Ttro Rgio, Turin during th 1843/44 sson. lthough ll ths rly bllt vrsions of th story wr bsd on th first pisods of Crvnts story thy vrid grtly in styl nd th mtril thy chos to includ. Th first tim tht th mor comic pisods, tht rvolvd round Quitri (Kitri), Bsilio nd Cmcho (Gmch) wr usd succssfully ws in th Pris Opr production of 1801 with chorogrphy by Louis Milon. It ws titld Ls Nocs d Gmch. Th rol of Bsilio ws dncd by ugust Vstris. Th librtto tht ws followd by ugust Bournonvill in 1837 for his 3 ct Don Quixot t Cmcho's Wdding in Copnhgn for this production bcm populr nd it ws chorogrphd to mlng of music by Giocchino Rossini, tinn Mhul, Gspr Spontini, Jn Schnitzhoffr nd mor, rrngd by Otto Zinck. Milon's librtto ws lso usd by Brnrdo Vstris for his 1844/45 production t L Scl, but most notbly it ws th inspirtion for Mrius Ptip's vrsion for th Bolshoi Thtr in 1869. Ptip's vrsion of Don Quixot, to th music of Minkus who ws commissiond to writ dditionl music for nw fifth ct consisting of thr scns into which th court of Duk nd Duchss ws introducd ws to bcom th stndrd bllt vrsion of th tl. Ltr on Don Quixot ws introducd in Moscow, nd this xplins lot. Th 19th cntury critics lvishd pris on th prmir, clling th nw bllt " vision of rsplndnc, splndor nd luxury throughout" - in thtricl crnivl ur, torrid Spnish moods, pripthis of plot nd crtinly, th flming dncs, by which Ptip in th brk of his crr clbrts victory ovr his jlous comptitors. In 1900 th bllt xprincs rnissnc whn lxndr Gorsky crts his own vrsion for th Mriinsky Thtr in St Ptrsburg. Th honstly positiv plot of Lo Minkus' bllt Don Quixot in 1869 is difficult to compr with Crvnts' novl, which cn b clld th grtst stir on humn nthusism. Th chrctrs of th sddst of th knights nd his fithful squir r dpictd in too gnrl stroks. Both bllt composrs - th chif Kpllmistr of th Moscow Bolshoi Thtr, th outstnding violinist nd uthor of 16 bllts Lo Minkus nd th Chif of th Impril bllt, n dvnturr nd wndrr, th lgndry chorogrphr Mrius Ptip - vn did not try to sk sthticlly idlistic dpth in Crvnts' litrry work. Thir prtnrship is missing logicl progrss of plot. Th succss nd nduring ttrction of th bllt Don Quixot lis in th lmnt of dnc. dnc phrs cn somtims ovrlp its ssocitd music. " Sinc thn, Don Quixot hs continud to b forgd in mny chorogrphic nd musicl vrsions. Th Octobr Rvolution of 1917 incrsd trror nd slughtrs cross Russi. In its wk, Nichols Srgyv fld to th Wst. H could only tk wht ws ssntil: food, clothing nd th chorogrphy to th clssic bllts. fw yrs ltr, thnks to Srgyv, Wstrn udincs got s th full lngth vrsion of Don Quixot for th first tim. It ws not wht thy xpctd. Th Spnish pnch nd fir is no doubt wht involvd chorogrphr Mrius Ptip to th proprty in th first plc. nd it's ttrctd just bout vry dncr sinc. Ordinrily, this typ of dncing isn't tht much of posr for dncr - but in Don Quixot, thr's n ddd twist. Ptip's chorogrphy isn't ntirly fithful to th idiom. It's mor lik 'brokn Spnish.' Ptip's bility

Why government should make fossil fuel illegal Research Paper

Why government should make fossil fuel illegal - Research Paper Example The by-products of oil, along with coal, together known as ‘fossil fuels,’ are the major contributors to what is commonly referred to as ‘greenhouse gasses’ being pumped into the atmosphere at a phenomenal rate, the effects of which are causing the Earth’s climate to change. According to all peer-reviewed scientific studies, if the quantity of greenhouse gasses being spewed into the air by automobiles, power plants and factories is not greatly reduced and quickly, the earth and its inhabitants will experience catastrophic consequences in the not too distant future. Fossil fuels are doing great harms that cannot be justified therefore should be illegal much as another other product that causes death and destruction. The people of the Middle East will have to rise up, as they currently are, to dispose their leaders. The best path for other countries, in this respect, is to stop funding them. This paper will discuss the most vital reason to criminalize f ossil fuels, pollution and global warming. The greenhouse effect occurs naturally. When the sun’s light penetrates the atmosphere and strikes the earth’s surface only about two-thirds of the solar energy of the impact is absorbed by the earth. The remaining third reflects off the earth then back into space. Gases consisting primarily of nitrogen and oxygen located in the atmosphere act in the same manner as the glass roof of a greenhouse. These gases act like a bubble surrounding the earth and allow all the available sunlight to enter but trap the majority of this solar energy which, in turn, warms the earth. This is a natural yet tenuous balance which is made more unstable by man-made gases which adds to the total amount of gases. This continuing build-up of gaseous substances in the atmosphere traps more of the solar energy and reflects less. This increasing trend is the reason the earth is warming and its climate changing. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) makes up only a tiny f raction of naturally occurring gases in the atmosphere but constitute approximately half of man-made fossil fuel greenhouse gases. (Lean, Pearce, 2006). The very apparent, inarguable scientific facts regarding man-induced CO2 gases exacerbating the greenhouse effect are not apparent to some who are arguing the evidence with questionable evidence and logic. For example Anthony Lupo author of the article â€Å"Anthropogenic Global Warming: A Skeptical Point of View† postulates that CO2 is not a pollutant at all which is a short-sighted theory, at best, to anyone who has seen black plumes of CO2 smoke pouring out of factory smoke-stacks into the formerly clean air. Lupo claims CO2 is beneficial for plants and occurs naturally in the atmosphere which is true but only when considering naturally occurring amounts which are small and not the excessive quantities which have been emitted worldwide over the past 100 years. According to Lupo climate change is more a regional occurrence and does not affect the entire earth. â€Å"Regionally, climate has been shown to change rapidly in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Life on earth will adapt as it has always done. Life on earth has been shown to thrive when planetary temperatures are warmer as opposed to colder† (Lupo, 2008). Further, Lupo says that scientists will not be able to prove one way or the other if climate change is happening for many decades to come. As if the well documented rising ocean levels and melting Polar ice caps are not an indicator. Lupo believes, or at least writes that today’

Effects of Social Networking Sites Essay Example for Free

Effects of Social Networking Sites Essay The implementation of social networking sites has changed how the average person communicates with others. Studies show that the average person spends at least nine hours a week surfing and posting on social network sites (http://socialnetworking.procon.org/). In fact, using social networking sites has not only improved our communication skills, but has had a negative impact as well. One of the many pros and cons to communicating on a networking site is the ability to â€Å"stay connected.† When a student graduates, a loved one moves, or a career changes, everyone wants to keep up with people they have grown to care for. Being on a social networking site, you can â€Å"friend request† people you know to keep up with their day to day actions. This ensures we don’t miss out on parts of someone’s life where we want to be included. Increasing the communication you have with someone, even online, strengthens your relationship. Unfortunately, being able to â€Å"stay connected† has kept thousands connected in a less than personal way. Networking sites entice people to stay online and spend less face-to-face time with others. So, you may be connecting to friends and family, but you are being distracted by the time wasting activities and applications the site supplies. Your mother doesn’t really care if you reached level ten in the Adventures of Indiana Jones on Facebook. She wants to know how you are doing in your classes at school. Read more:  Essays on Social Networking Another way networking sites are affecting society is evident in the ability to find new people. Making new friends can be a wonderful thing. Consider the following scenario, you are interested in a certain musician and find their â€Å"page† on your networking site. On that same page are many others that have that common interest. Befriending these new people provides a new outlet for expression. A family member or friend may not like the same artist, but finding this new friend gives the ability to have someone to talk to about the subject. On the other hand, not all people surfing these sites that are looking for new friends are doing it for the right reasons. Artists and topics that attract a younger population give ample opportunity for predators to have access to the viewers. There is no way to know that the 15 year old girl you’ve become â€Å"besties† with is really a young girl, or if it’s really a pedophile looking for new prey. â€Å"In Feb. 2009, MySpace identified 90,000 registered sex offenders with profiles on the site, while Facebook declined to reveal how many were present on its site† (http://socialnetworking.procon.org/). Another example of how social networks affect society both positively and negatively is the ability to obtain information. Many networking sites created today are made for specific genres of people. Sites like LinkedIn.com and CafeMom.com have been created to help people with life issues such as finding new jobs or getting tips on breastfed babies. If a person is shy and has trouble meeting that â€Å"special someone,† they can go to a networking site such as MeetUp.com. Sadly, not everything that is posted on these sites can be verified. Most sites, like the match-making sites, have no way to verify that the person posting on their site is them. An older, obese person can post a picture of a younger, thinner person to try and get a match. The site itself does not know that the picture posted is actually the person posting it. So, when the â€Å"date† shows up expecting person A, they are angry or upset that they meet person B, the real person, and bullying, fighting, or worse occurs. Too much false information is passed along the internet, and a large percent of it is done via networking sites. Overall, social networking sites can’t wholly be praised or put down for being â€Å"bad.† Being able to stay connected, make new friends, and get information via these sites has its pros and cons. No matter what changes are made, there will always be those that say the sites are good for our society, and those that say the dangers outweigh the benefits. References: Are social networking sites good for our society? (2012). Retrieved from http://socialnetworking.procon.org/

Perpetual Motion And Movement Engineering Essay

Perpetual Motion And Movement Engineering Essay The term perpetual motion exactly refers to the movement that goes forever. However the term usually refers to any device that Always produces more energy than it consumes that ultimately results in a net output of energy for indefinite time. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, according to this law there could not be any such kind of machine in existence. The most commonly contemplated type of perpetual motion machine is a mechanical system which sustains motion indefinitely, regardless of losing energy to  friction  and  air resistance. A second type of impossible perpetual motion machine is one which does not violate conservation of energy, but produces work by spontaneously extracting  heat  from its surroundings, thereby cooling them down, and converting the heat energy into mechanical work. Such machines are prohibited by the  second law of thermodynamics. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE The perpetual motion machine violates both first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is essentially a statement of conservation of energy while the second law has so many different kinds of definitions, and can be described in many ways. The most common definition of second law is heat always flows from hot body to colder body. No heat engine can be more efficient than a Carnot heat engine Machines which are claimed not to violate either of the two laws of thermodynamics but rather to generate energy from unconventional sources are sometimes referred to as perpetual motion machines. By way of example, it is possible to design a clock or other low-power machine, such as Coxs timepiece, which runs on the differences in barometric pressure or temperature between night and day. Such a machine has a source of energy, albeit one from which it is impractical to produce power in quantity. CLASSIFICATION OF PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE OF FIRST ORDER PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE OF SECOND ORDER PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE OF THIRD ORDER PERPETUAL MOTION MACHINE OF SECOND ORDER Impossible machines. Our second kind is of machines that challenge logic; like the drawings of Maurice Escher, where water runs perpetually downhill, but in a closed cycle. In fact, Escher did make one drawing of a waterwheel run perpetually in such a flow (See Figure ). Another impossible machine has weights of magnitude 9 on one side which become of weight 6 on the other when the weights turn upside-down It is a machine which spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. When the thermal energy is equivalent to the work done, this does not violate the law of conservation of energy. However it does violate the more subtle second law of thermodynamics. This type of machine is different from real heat engines (such as car engines), which always involve a transfer of heat from a hotter reservoir to a colder one, the latter being warmed up in the process. In a perpetual motion machine of the second kind there is only one heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir. This conversion of heat into useful work, without any side effect, is not possible, according to the second law of thermodynamics. In relevance, for example, an automobile engine is not a perpetual motion machine because it works on the basis of the temperature difference between the fuel burning in the cylinder and the cooler environment outside. In order so that it functions, some of the chemical energy released as heat when the fuel burns must not be converted to work, but must be exhausted to the cooler reservoir of the environment by the exhaust gas and the radiator. As explained by statistical mechanics, there are far more states in which heat distribution is close to thermodynamic equilibrium than states in which heat is concentrated in small regions, so temperatures will tend to even out over time, reducing the amount of free energy available for conversion to mechanical energy. Why is Perpetual Motion considered to be Impossible? The idea of perpetual motion sounds so clear-cut. An electric car powered by perpetual motion could recharge its own batteries forever, or a perpetual motion clock could without human intervention rewind itself for years. But there is a reason why perpetual motion machines remain in the area of dream; its the Laws of Thermodynamics. Some inventions may appear to run by perpetual motion, but they usually rely on a hidden source of external energy. Both the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics keep our perpetual motion car in the garage. According to one portion of the First Law, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed to different forms. The batteries which power an electric car only contain a fixed amount of energy. Most of this energy goes into propelling the electric motor, but some is inevitably lost through friction and the recreation of momentum after a stop. Our perpetual motion cars recharger would have to create even more energy in order to keep the batteries at full capacity. No such power generator exists, nor can one be built if the Laws of Thermodynamics are true. The Second Law of Thermodynamics also prevents perpetual motion machines from becoming reality. Part of the Second Law states that heat energy inevitably seeks out cold areas, eventually creating a neutral temperature state called entropy. This means our proposed perpetual motion car will eventually conk out from a lack of usable heat energy. The motor casing gets hot during work, and some of that heat energy would be dissipated into the air, not back into the battery system. Since external factors such as gravity and friction would be constantly pulling on the machine, eventually all of the usable energy would be lost. Perpetual motion machines would only be possible if a substance could be found that generated more energy than it used. Some inventors hoped that radioactive materials would prove to be useful as perpetual motion engines, but their energy is still considered finite. Magnets have also been used to power would-be perpetual motion machines, but their continued operation often requires some external energy source. Gravity is usually considered a force hostile to the cause of perpetual motion, but some inventors use gravity to their advantage when creating theoretical perpetual motion machines. Because scientific laws and theories generally deem perpetual motion impossible, patent offices are extremely reluctant to grant patents for such machines. Proposed perpetual motion machines are the only devices which require a working model at the time of patent application. To date, no inventor has successfully submitted a working model of a true perpetual motion machine MACHINES THAT WORKS ON PERPETUAL MOTION Motionless Electromagnetic Generator, a device that supposedly taps vacuum energy. Perepiteia, a device that claims to utilize back EMF. Stanley Meyers water fuel cell Motionless Electromagnetic Generator An electromagnetic generator without moving parts includes a permanent magnet and a magnetic Core including first and second magnetic paths. A first input coil and a first output coil extend around Portions of the first magnetic path, while a second input coil and a second output coil extend around Portions of the second magnetic path. The input coils are alternatively pulsed to provide induced Current pulses in the output coils. Driving electrical current through each of the input coils reduces a Level of flux from the permanent magnet within the magnet path around which the input coil extends. In an alternative embodiment of an electromagnetic generator, the magnetic core includes annular Spaced-apart plates, with posts and permanent magnets extending in an alternating fashion between the plates. An output coil extends around each of these posts. Input coils extending around portions of the plates are pulsed to cause the induction of current within the output coils. WATER FUEL CELL The water fuel cell is a purported perpetual motion machine invented by American Stanley Allen Meyer (August 24, 1940   March 21, 1998). He claimed that an automobile retrofitted with the device could use water as fuel as a substitute of gasoline. The fuel cell supposedly split water into its component elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen was then burned to generate energy, a process that reconstituted the water molecules. According to Meyer, the device required less energy to perform electrolysis than the minimum energy requirement predicted or measured by conventional science. If the device worked as specified, it would violate both the first and second laws of thermodynamics, allowing operation as a perpetual motion machine. Meyers claims about his Water Fuel Cell and the car that it powered were found to be fraudulent by an Ohio court in 1996. Throughout his patents and marketing material, Meyer uses the terms fuel cell or water fuel cell to refer to the portion of his device in which electricity is passed through water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Meyers use of the term in this sense is different towards its usual meaning in science and engineering, in which such cells are typically called electrolytic cells. Furthermore, the term fuel cell is generally reserved for cells which produce electricity from a chemical redox reaction, whereas Meyers fuel cell consumed electricity, as shown in his patents and in the circuit pictured on the left. Meyer describes in a 1990 patent the use of a water fuel cell assembly' and portrays some images of his fuel cell water capacitor. According to the patent, in this case   the term fuel cell refers to a single unit of the invention comprising a water capacitor cell   that produces the fuel gas in accordance with the method of the invention. REFRENCES US Patent # 6, 362, 718, Motionless Electromagnetic Generator Patrick, et al. (March 26, 2002)

Weakness In Corporate Governance And Lack Of Transparency Accounting Essay

Weakness In Corporate Governance And Lack Of Transparency Accounting Essay Weakness in corporate governance and lack of transparency are considered causes of the Asian financial crisis. (Wan et al 2010 ). The corporate scandals happened in the early 2000s urged regulators around the world to suit the medicine to illness of the global financial stability by institute CG reforms. For instance, the Combined Code and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act were then introduced and enacted in UK and US respectively. As an international financial and business hub, Hong Kong is bound to take its share of the sweeping impact of the Asian financial crisis and the scandals. Hong Kong Stock Exchange determined to introduce the code of CG effective from 2005, with similar provisions on financial disclosures in the world. Most of the studies using US and UK data indicated that the quality of corporate governance practices has improved when firms comply with the provisions of the code. A survey conducted by a research team headed by Professor Stephen Cheung in Hong Kong generated a consi stent result with those studies; it indicated that the CG standard of Hong Kong listed firms had been improved obviously in 2005. 2.1.3. Earning Management While regulators aware the issues about CG after the scandals, the confidence of investors around the world who rely on the reported earnings on the financial statement to make their investment decisions have been significantly shaken. Earnings is always the most crucial indicator to evaluate how a firm performs. EM refers to manipulation of a firms earnings through direct or indirect accounting methods to achieve a desired level and that does not reflect the economic reality to mislead FS users about the corporate performance or gaining self-interest. In short, the practices of EM deter the credibility of financial reporting. There is tons of empirical researches evidence that good CG improve the transparency of the quality financial reporting which provides more decision-useful information to investors regardless of the geographical location of the listed company. Some of GCG mechanisms include the existence of independent board of directors, audit committee, no CEO duality, no Top Share (controlling shareholder), and shareholders coalition in order to face controlling shareholder. ( Werner R. Murhadi 2009). 2.1.4. The unique features of Hong Kong Firms. A global code of CG should not be applied as a standard among the world attributed to the unique settings of each jurisdiction. It is important for regulators and analysts to understand the unique features and regional conditions affect the incentive of managing earnings and the reporting quality. Therefore, Most of the researches have done to investigate the relationship between the CG practices and EM with US data, only a few o f them analyses about the issues in other regions. An assumption that a same result will be concluded when analyzing HK data is doubtful. The widely acknowledged family ownership concentration characteristic of HK listed firms is still considered as the major contributor of the failure of CG even after the introduction of the code. See the vote manipulation done by PCCW and the affair of Citic Pacific in 2009. 2.2 Literature review The research paper which examine whether the disclosure of Corporate Governance Structures affect the market valuation of earnings surprises and firms earnings management, Jui-Chin Chang and Huey-Lian Sun (2010), suggested that the effectiveness of corporate governance in monitoring earnings management is improved after the mandated disclosure. This finding is consistent with the result of the research on CG and earnings forecasts accuracy which supported that it is effective to enhance the quality of financial disclosure by revising the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance to encourage public companies to implement good governance practices. (Ahmad-Zaluki et al 2010). However, Davies and Schlitzer (2008) in their paper raised the question about the practicality of an international one size fits all corporate governance code of best practice and the result of the paper implied that the acceptance of a global corporate governance code is limited due to the adaptations in the business environment. Ching, M.L.K. et al. (2002) in their research contended that CG mechanisms and monitoring and oversight activities will affect the use of EM, and the importance of these factors varies across firms and national jurisdictions. Because CG, the legal environment, and monitoring activities are far different in Hong Kong than in the U.S., research studies using American data have limited relevance for HK. A large proportion of HK listed firms are controlled by families. When most of the results of empirical researches supported the positive association between the CG mechanism and firms earnings quality, the unique features of Hong Kong is not being considered in those researches. A rare research done by Jaggi, B., et al. (2009) used samples before the adoption of code of corporate governance and find that a higher proportion of independent corporate boards of HK firms is associated with more effective monitoring to constrain EM by deterring managers from manipulating the reported earnings; thus the earnings quality is expected to be high despite differences in institutional environments. However, it is not the case of which the firms are family-controlled, either through ownership concentration or the presence of family members on corporate boards. 2.3 Objective While countless studies have already done with data of regions other than HK about the association between CG and EM, some of them have also emphasized on the identity of family ownership concentration in Asian regions. This study is done for the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of the Code of Corporate Governance Practices effective from 2005 on reducing EM practices and improving earnings quality of HK Firms. Focus on the uniqueness of the Hong Kong Firms ownership structure to investigate whether mandatory disclosure of corporate governance structures improves the quality of financial information of Hong Kong family-controlled firms. 2.4 Statement of hypothesis 2.4.1 Indentifying Corporate governance The research generated by Dey, (2008) examined that different countries have different corporate governance structure. She considered twelve variables of corporate governance to measure different corporate governance structure, such as the effectiveness of the audit committee and duality of CEOs and so on. To determine corporate governance, we would use five variables including a majority-independent audit committee, a majority-independent board, financial professional having sufficient accounting experience on the committee, big 4 auditors and the separation CEO and chair position. 2.4.2 Audit committee and earning quality According to Hong Kong Exchange and clearing limited (HKEX), after the adoption of code of corporate governance effective that is in 2005, it is a must for Hong Kong listed companies to establish an audit committee, comprising non-executive director (NED) and having at least three members. Based on the research of Bedard, and Courteau (2001), the higher the percentage of independent non-executive director that are not managers in other firms, the higher the earning quality is. Thus, the hypothesis we develop should be: H1: There is positive relationship between the existence of a majority-independent audit committee and earning quality after the code 2.4.3. Independent board of director and earning management According to Liu and Lu (2007), they found that when preparing financial statement, the board of director can help to monitor and prevent controlling shareholder as this act may make damage to the other shareholder. Besides, the Hong Kong boards of director were by code at least three NED members as well. H2: There is positive relationship between the proportion of Independent non-executive directors on the board and earning quality after the code. 2.4.4. CEO duality and earning management According to R. Murhadi, Werner. Dr (2009), he found that if there is any job duality, it was less effective and strongly influence higher level of discretionary accrual. Anderson et al. (2003) found that earnings informativeness is positively associated with firms having separated CEO and chair positions H3: The existence of CEO duality positively influences the level of earnings management after the code. 2.4.4 Big 4 auditors and earning management The previous research done by Klein (2003) found that Big 4 auditors may shift some of their responsibility of monitoring financial reporting to firms audit committees after SOX. Therefore, there may be difference between discretionary accruals and Big 4 auditor in the before period of SOX. H4: There is a negative relation between earning management and proportion of Big 4 auditors after the code. 2.4.5 Experts in audit committee and earning management The Code in Hong Kong required that among the three members, it should include at least an independent NED with sufficient and appropriate financial experience. Xie, Davison, and DaDalt (2003) use pre-SOX samples to investigate that audit committee members having financial experience/background negatively influence discretionary accruals. H5: There is a negative relation between discretionary accruals and the existent of financial experts on audit committees after the code. 2.4.6. family control and earning management Due to the different expectations regarding the effect of family control on earnings management, Jaggi-Leung use pre-code sample to show that an increase in the proportion of outside directors to strengthen board monitoring is unlikely to be effective in family-controlled firms. The percentage of NED on the board to a total number of directors is counted 20% as cut-off point. H6: There is a negative relation between the existent of family ownership control and earnings quality after the code. 3.Methodology 3.1 Sample collection It is to search the WiseNews Database and HKEX website to collect the data for all Hong Kong Listed Firms in all industry for years before and after adoption of code which is accounting period of 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 respectively. 3.2 Research Design By using the financial data examined from the above database, it is decided to research all firms excluding banks, insurance and trusts companies as they manage earning obtaining different incentives and opportunities. (Peasnell et al, 2000) For testing earnings management, Dechow et al., 1995 suggested to use modified jones model to measure discretionary accruals. However, based on Kothari, Leone and Wasley (2005), in addition to the modified model, they use return on assets as one of variable so as to estimate accruals more accurately. It is cross-sectional regression by using two-digit SIC code, then find out the estimated coefficient by the following formula: (Total discretionary accrual) TACCjt = Â µ0+ Â µ1(1/ ATit-1)+ Â µ2 (DSale/ATit-1)+ Â µ3 (PPE/ ATit-1)+ Â µ4 ROAit-1- (1) Then, NON-ACCjt = ß1(1/ATjt-1) + ß2 (DSalesjt DRECjt)/ATjt-1 +ß3 (PPE/ATjt-1) +ß4 ROAjt (2) Then, calculating the discretionary accrual by using the following formula, DACCjt = TACCjt NON-ACCjt (3) Using the regression model to calculating the data before and after the code of corporate governance, DACCit = p 0 + 1 Auditindep + 2 BdIndep + 3 AccExp + 4 CEODua + 5 Big 4 + FAMOWN (4) Where: ROA = the ratio of net income to total assets FAMOWN = 1 if proportion of family members divided by total number director is greater than 20%, 0 for other than this case. BdIndep: The number of independent board directors calculated by the no. of board members AuditIndep: The number of independent audit committee members calculated by the no. of audit committee members AccExp: 1 for having financial professional experience and 0 for none and divided by the no. of audit committee members Big 4: It is an indicator of the Big 4 auditors. It is one if the firm was Big 4 accounting firms client and it is zero if not. CEODua: it may be 1 when CEO is the firms director of the board, 0 when it is not the case. 4. Time schedule Time Action January Finish the background of the problem and objectives Research data for methodology 1st 11th February Finish Methodology Collect data by using software i.e. Excel 12th 28th February Solve the problems that will encounter during the process of collecting data, such as, uncertainty about any data Analyze data and make result of the analysis March Write discussions Interpret the data what we find Finish recommendations, conclusions, summary of the project 1 4th April Finish the draft to supervisor 5 28th April Finish the reference lists Review and proofread the grammar, organization, format of project Amend some parts based on comments of supervisors

Free Essays - I Found Timelessness :: Personal Narrative, Descriptive Essay

I Found Timelessness    Today, waiting on the schoolhouse steps, I saw something I had never seen before. My back against the warm brick wall, in happy prospect, I stared abstracted towards the red-orange of autumn on a tree. At the very center of my concentration was a single leaf; a torn yellow-green, not even red yet. But it fell. I saw the precise moment of release - the instant the leaf actually disconnected from the branch. It was the brevity of perfection. Partition in sunderance, an umbilicus severed, a future unlatched; an end and a beginning. There was an eternity within; the filial unity, the brief struggle for escape, then the sudden absence of support; and from an empathic vicariousness I found myself within.    I found my entire life in the transience of an instant; I sat up, in respect and humility. The leaf swung in descending pendulum. I rose to grab it, then stopped. I was standing in a small pile of wet and shredded leaves. The leaf, lifted by a breeze, slowed, suspended, paused then rolled over on itself. I knew that one day this leaf too, would crumble into a crust of sinew and stem - so I let the leaf continue, rising upward.    The leaf waltzed in an orbit around itself. Others fell around it, but I kept my attention. This leaf was lighter. It took its time. The torn yellow leaf, because of its shape, spun differently than the rest. The leaf was continually tossed up in irregular oscillations, gaining further distance, until it came near the wall of the building. As the wind approached the brick schoolhouse, the air was forced up and over, trying to pull the leaf along with it.    The leaf reached up, against gravity, and against the lacerated shreds below. It hung, pulled up and down by destiny and self-aspiration.

AI vs Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Movie: Artificial Intelligence Synopsis: In the not-so-far future the polar ice caps have melted and the resulting rise of ocean waters has drowned all the coastal cities of the world. Withdrawn to the interior of the continents, the human race keeps advancing, reaching to the point of creating realistic robots-called mechas-to serve them. An ambitious Professor succeeds in building David, an artificial kid, the first of its kind programmed to provide endless love for its adopter. David is adopted by Monica as a substitute for her real son, but an unfortunate sequence of events leads Monica to abandon David. Believing that Monica will love him only if he becomes a real boy, David sets off to find the Blue Fairy (from the fairy tale Pinocchio), whom he earnestly believes is the only one with the power to grant him his wish. Explanation: Artificial Intelligence is very similar to Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein in that the underlying themes, questions asked, and moral issues raised are the same. The main idea being appropriated is that of creating life, although not ‘life’ in its usual context referring to living organisms. The ‘life’ created (or rather built) in AI is in fact a mere imitation of life, a mechanical substitute human boy†¦artificial intelligence. In AI, the creation is David, and he bears immediate similarities to the Frankenstein monster. In the book, the monster was to be Frankenstein’s ‘perfect’ human, a soul who knew nothing but love. Ironically, David was programmed to provide unconditional love and also served the purpose of being the perfect replacement of a ‘human’ boy. The desire to aid mankind through scientific and technological advancement is shared by both creators in their respective texts. In the film however, the Frankenstein equivalent is indirectly achieved by another character after David’s initial creation. The Frankenstein role is in fact fulfilled by Monica, David’s adopter (‘mother’), who activates David by ‘imprinting’ him to her. Although for different reasons, both ‘parents’ (mother/father figures) hastily rush the ‘activation’ process without closely assessing the risks and responsibilities of their doings or even realizing the wishes of their creations. Both creators end up abandoning their creations, leaving them alone, friendless in societies where they are both hunted. A woman talking to the Professor in the first scene of the film asks directly: â€Å"if a robot child loves his mother, is she expected to love him back?†-â€Å"Can a robot be loved?† The film maintains the same stance as Mary Shelley’s book by arguing that society is in fact to blame for the mistreatment of David.

Punishment versus Reinforcement

Punishment versus reinforcement is a theory by B. F. Skinner. Punishment is the administration of undiserable behavior in reducing the occurrence of a negative behavior. Punishment entails spanking and yelling. Reinforcement is the administration of a particular response that will in effect earn a learned and repeated behavior. There are two types of reinforcement, positive and negative. Positive reinforcement esults when the occurrence of a valued behavioral consequences has the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated.While negative reinforcement, results when an undesirable behavioral consequence is withheld. Parents as well as employers should use reinforcement in managing children and employees. Reward system makes one motivated that will lead a better behavior and work outcome. Punishment vs. Reinforcement 3 Punishment is the administration of undiserable behavior in order to reduce the occurrence of unwanted behavior. Example of this is demoting a n employee due to not meeting the qouta.On the other hand, reinforcement has two types. These in effect will earn a behavior that is learned and repeated. Positive reinforcement results when the occurrence of a valued behavioral consequences has the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. Example of which is when an employee had struggle to meet deadline and upon completion had earned a bonus. Negative reinforcement results when an undesirable behavioral consequence is withheld.Example of this is assigning an employee on a different task while he struggle to perfect his previous task (Reinforcement Theory, 2006). 1. Basically, there should be no behaviors that can be justified by punishments. However, once in a while punishment may be used with caution or properly. Punishment, if used, should be in a decreasing trend instead of using it often. When a child was punished because of a particular mistake, the result should be a reduction of committing sam e behavior again. Some behaviors, in my opinion, may be treated with a punishment.If a child continuously behave negatively after talking with him/her or any other subtle ways to eradicate or lessen a specific negative behavior, more likely a punishment may be the last resort. But punishing a child only shows a power struggle between parents and children. The child succeded, though, because he/she had makes you irritable (Maag, 2006). At the end of the day, I personally discourage punishment since negative behavior will not bend negative behavior. 2. Rewards may modify behavior.In my own opinion, rewarding a good behavior for example giving reward to a child when he/she had a higher grade in comparison with his/her previous grade Punishment vs. Reinforcement 4 will give a very specific motivation for the child to do better in the next examination. Same thing for employees. If the company motivates an employee by giving awards or recognition for a specific outcome, there will be enth usiasm in doing the next workload. Rewards does not only mean giving out something to a child or somebody to appreciate a good deed.Giving a smile, a hug or verbally appreciating a person will uplift one's self-esteem. Rewards should be given in a very specific manner. Like if a child aces a test he/she will be able to choose the toy he/she will buy, on the other hand, if he/she gets a grade higher than the previous test he/she will get a toy but he/she does not have the privilage to choose. In response to the given situation, negative reinforcement have done well on the case of the dog as well as to the son. Negative reinforcement had changed behavior in the case of the two examples.As to my opinion, positive and negative reinforcement are both good strategies in redefining behavior, depending on the situation and the reaction of the person towards the strategies. A very good outcome of these strategies is the motivation. Motivation helps people to do things with enthusiasm, vigor and with a clear path towards the goal. With positive reinforcement, motivation becomes clear because upon completion of a task or change in certain bad behavior, there will be a clear and specific reward waiting.With negative behavior, some aspects like emotions can be affected because of the consequence of a certain misbehavior, like a child will be hurt if his/her allowance will have deductions, but the outcome of the strategy will bring forth a much better behavior due to the urge to get back what was lost. However, positive and negative reinforcement should be used side by side. Giving and taking will bring a better motivation to a person. And of course, communication should back up any reinforcements used.

Leading professional development

Analyze the extent to which the nuzzle relates to an organisational military position setting kn ingest to you. The top I have selected for review and abridgment, with near relevance to my ca handling paid phylogeny and therefore is of most interest to me is that of Lyndon & world-beater quarter a integrity, ill-judged act victor give riseth shop generate change in the classroom ?This denomination re concentrees vigilance on the classroom, specific wholey on the importance of instructor pass discover ontogenesis in enhancing and ever-changing t severallyers fellowship and skills in ways that provide to utility in hold iner performance. It is based on research carried out for SEES study into how far is mindless-change continuing master copy reading is efficient?The demonstrated winner of the SEES model of short, single turnshops in bringing close haunting change in practice is no virginorthy, effrontery the emphasis in the literature that hoodlu m hindquarters only be useful if it is sustained is delivered by a well-trained addr, inside a well- organized surveyshop that provides opportunities for exploration, practice and chum feedback. Providing a factual framework discussed by many studyal researchers, Lyndon and king resume the context, content, and bring of efficient and high-quality nurtureer paid phylogenesis.Years ago, I have shareicipated with many short and bulky PDP workshop at 2 schools in which I was a teacher . And to be objective fewer workshop gave me opportunities to acquire and practice red-hot skills each(prenominal) over relatively sounded eroded of clock, and it provided an high-flown purlieu for interaction with virtually other colleagues . temporary hookup many other workshop stop short of producing their intended results they bakshised out unmanage qualifiedys with traditional dogma but offered little serving in changing what happens in the classroom and provided no op portunities for us to practice what we readt.So the problem was not the lack of pro developing activities or whether they atomic summate 18 short or enormous ,to the contrary captain organic evolution for teachers has been included in every major initiative intentional to improve student performance. The problem is that the quality of those programs has been inconsistent. Nevertheless, many analogous Joanne- in the group tutor would look into with Erratas typology session 10 that the scope of captain growing is wider that simply the measurements of results, out discerns and standards, and therefore suggests summit which is encompassing of other dimensions should be considered Anyone,2013).On the other hands Stephanie had to admit that there was in most of the attended CAP a immense deal of scope for personalized training, team working, developing greater sense impression/ get a lineing and developing problem solution skills. However in put in for the school t o bonnieify the resources it is expending, he sees that there moldiness be at least some organisational attains too (Stephanie, 2013) I keep with Lyndon &king that lord phylogeny pile succeed only in settings, or contexts, that realise it .And this support must act from administrators. Drawing on the case study in this article (short workshop for erudition department in many schools designed by the earth science education unit) it shows that one of the finding outcomes of superior exploitation initiative is depended ultimately on the constituent whether its administrators consider it important. For this reason, buy-in on the part of administrators (whether render directors, superintendents, or principals) is critical to success (McLaughlin & Marsh, 1978).Leaders merchant ship approach decisions about original training with intellectual rigor and discipline or give them a cursory discussion as an afterthought to more insistence matters. Likewise, their decisions may be implemented with vigilance to quality and serious reflection on their impact or haphazardly punish with a sense of discharging an unpleasant responsibility. Those ar the choices leadership face each time they meet to plan victor using. Harebell,2003) I believe that Short or long workshop is not an event, it is a process (Harebell, 2003). By process I esteem the mutation in the sense of having an nice theory base introducing methods for which there is say of military posture being supported with trance high quality materials. And that the PDP program sometimes wants to be of sufficient continuance and intensity uses methods which reflect the teach methods being introduced includes provision for in school coach (Dade ,2004).By the process I mean that the teachers should work in group to share experiences conk in effect amongst themselves about the innovation should be given an opportunity to develop a sense of ownership in the innovation and be supported in doubting their beliefs about teaching and breeding and with child(p) them opportunity for practice and reflection( Dade,2004).By process I mean the association or awareness, changes in attitude, discipline of skill, and transfer of training and decision progressr control which are ingested to maximize the chances of CAP hint to change in the classroom Joyce and Showers, 1988) In y point of view , CAP is an opportunity to learn new strategies for teaching to rigorous standards ,and it is not a matter whether the CAP is long or short ,as long as it has this four criteria a clear decoct on larn and learners, an emphasis on psyche and schemeal change, small changes command by a grand vision, and current professional development that is procedurally embedded ( Gushes ,2000) in addition to Andy antithetic factors and principles listed before outfit with Lyndon that all these elements need to be vex if it is to have impact in the lassoer for the benefit of every student . Art 2 critically analyses an approach to leading professional development you have identified in your work on Theme 3, using at least two ideas selected from the list below. Professional identity and set Professional enculturation communities/networks In clod tuition Mentoring/coaching maturation capacity Whole team/ system of rulesal development Forms of professional development Professional development for unmarrieds Power and refining in organizations Professional development contexts Leading PDP is of great importance in the life of schools, it institutes forthwith and indirectly to professional and personal development for cater and to the improvement in teaching and nurture.Harris reminds us that managing human knowledge is a critical dimension of organizational survival (Harris, 2001). So it is important that the leader of professional development enables knowledge development by any(prenominal) means is appropriate. Professional development is a complex endeavo r. Understanding its elements, mastering its execution and considering its impacts involve continual reflection and analysis. Although it is affirmable to identify elements and factors that affect professional development is important to hold on to the have intercourse of their inter alliance in terms of development. numerous researchers suggest links to individual and organizational issues and inclines for the leader of professional development.These include individual professional identities and values organizational vision, acculturation and targets the means, avail magnate and accessibility of professional development the role of communities of practice and networking both formal and informal means of development the bring of the nature and context of organizations the influence of friction matchs, mentors and coaches professional teaching and training expectations While these themes potbelly all contribute to professional development leadership, they do so in different ways. In this part I give analyze how organizations context, queen and culture contribute to PDP A considerable literature has emerged in recent years concerning the traffichip amidst organizations and acquire. Many questions have arisen about how organizational arrangements enhance or inhibit the ability of their members (whether viewed individually or as groups) to learn? And to what degree are individuals study experiences find out by the ways in which opportunities are structured?Examining the role of organization context may enhance our understanding about these questions. The complexity of the educational professional development context lies in the scope of heathen understandings, factors and influences, which all play a part (Theme 3 section 10). The key is the extent that organization raise conduce to the changes that the professional development is designed to bring about. forrader change can take place there must be a shared sense of need for change-?the more s trongly and widely felt the better. wish of organization support and change can sabotage any professional emplacement confinement, even when all the individual aspects of professional development are done right.And where staff development opportunities are poorly conceptualized, unresponsive to the concerns of individual participants and beget little effort to relate learning experiences to workplace conditions, they make little impact upon teachers or their pupils (Day, 1999) In addition the decisions taken about the structure and functioning of the organization, and the design of work at heart it, are of fundamental importance in influencing the extent to which individuals can participate in the process of learning (Gaston, 2004). We have to focus on the conditions that organization creates for its members to engage effectively with learning. As Billet states Workplace elan was central to the quality of learning experiences. avidness is more than the preparedness for guid ed learning to proceed. It also includes the norms and work practices that constitute the invitational qualities for individuals to participate in and learn by means of work. Such factors may influence individual learning in a number of ways.They may provide access to knowledge or information they may hurry participation in activities with learning attention they may provide support and advocate to help make learning effective and they may reward learning activities and outcomes (Billet, 2001) On the other hand, a full analysis of leading professional development requires an investigating of power . The inclusion of an analysis of power within educational change is live because power legitimates and drives change. A post structural views of power rests of three core principles (l)power is not restricted to a dominate few but circulates within school change all its members(2)power relies on language and colloquy to instruct its lawfulnesss(3)individuals perceive who they ar e via discourses of truth (Halyards and Leonard,2001). So what is important is the strong relationship among structure and influence in the workplace .And this can provide learning opportunity through Involving participation in communities of practice, especially opening up opportunities for learning through moving beyond a tightly situated and context border approach to participation Involving work organization and Job design, especially the creation of environments which quit for substantial horizontal cross- boundary activity, duologue and problem-solving. Emphasizing the importance of access to knowledge-based qualifications and off-the-Job learning. ( laden and Union , 2004) there is an increasing intuition of the importance of culture in calculative leadership developments programs (study guide ,IPPP) Good seeds grow in strong cultures . Understanding the schools culture ,therefore, is an essential prerequisite for any subjective and external change agent.Organizatio ns should open up space for generating shared meaning, reconstituting power relations to broaden access to knowledge and provide cultural tools to mediate learning. The basic center of organization s culture is the deeper level of basic premisss and beliefs that are shared by members of an organization , that operate unconsciously ,and that delimit in a basic taken for granted fashion an organizations view of itself and its environment (Sheen . 1985) Stool and finks see Cultural norms _ much(prenominal) as shared goals responsibility for success collegiality continuous improvement lifelong learning support mutual respect try taking openness celebration and bodily fluid -are the unspoken rules for what is regarded as customary or acceptable behavior and action with model reaction in the school( Stool,1999) .These norms shape reactions to compel improvement. It is therefore, important for those working in schools to understand their norms because the acceptance of improvement projects by a school depends on the fit between the norms embedded in the changes and those within the schools own culture (Carson,1996). To be effective these cultures norms need to be reflected in strategies that enabled their underlying values to be translated into genuine combat of all staff. The norm collegiality most likely seen to lead to improvement. Example of collegiality includes team teaching, mentoring, action research, associate coaching, planning and mutual observation and feedback.These put on their strength from the creation of greater interdependence, collective commitment, shared responsibility, and perhaps most important, greater readiness to participate in the difficult business of review and critique (Fallen and Harvests 1991). This culture entrust allow teachers to focus upon their own learning, career and promotion ambitions and to consider new responsibilities within their own school context. The assumption is that this will lead to an improved and hei ghten sense of professionalism for teachers, plus an increased motivating to stay within the profession. With the additional benefits that come with familiarity of context. A supportive, blame-free environment that encourages and facilitates professional dialogue, and provides opportunities to extend and experiment with new practice can further the benefits of peer collaboration and support (Errata, 2001).To sum up, contexts and cultures may not Just provide or close agglomerate opportunity it may also influence the ability and willingness of individuals to exercise personal agency in pursuit of developmental goals (Billet, 2001). As Stool said real improvement cannot come from anywhere other than within schools themselves and within is a complex web of values and beliefs, norms, social and power relationships and emotions . changing schools is not Just about changing curricula ,teaching and learning strategies ,assessment structures and roles and responsibilities . It requires an understanding of and respect for the different meaning and interpretations people bring to educational initiatives ,and the nurturing of the garden within which new ideas can bloom( Stool. 1999) part 3 Evaluate the effectiveness or potential for effectiveness of leading professional development in an organization or team known to you. In your evaluation you will need to describe the sense(s) in which you are defining effectiveness. You may consider changes in the development of individuals organizational capacity and capability Capability and changes in student and/or staff learning and links to goals or targets. Finally make adviseations for developments drawing on your practice, the ideas and the materials from Theme 3 In this part I will examine the effectiveness of leading and implementing political program innovation using CIT ,which took place in a Lebanese primary school.My translation of the term effectiveness is when an appropriate professional development provision is successfully matched to fussy professional needs. The computer program slaying necessary the use of high levels of skill in all of the key areas of leadership including schema development and implementation, human resource management, teaching and learning, financial management, accountability, and liaison with key stakeholders and the community. efficaciously led curriculum innovation, in our school, did improve standards of achievement and increase dents enjoyment and engagement in learning which the focus of all the staffs efforts was.After the long term assessment of CIT use in the classroom, as a teacher I can confirmed that this professional development had deepened our teachers knowledge of the subjects being taught change teaching skills in the classroom unplowed up with developments in the individual fields, and in education generally generated and contributed new knowledge to the profession Increased the ability to admonisher students work, in order to provide c reative feedback to students and appropriately redirect teaching. From (The National military mission on Mathematics and Science pedagogy for the 21st Century, 2000) In addition the sense of community, and the supportive coaching, and the follow up that was provided by the school leaders,-especially during the early phases of implementation when most problems is usually encountered- helped me and my colleagues to develop and go on a sense of efficacy regarding new teaching strategies (Showers, Joyce, & Bennett, 1987).It was the collaborative and sustained and a blame free environment that encourage us with opportunities for discussion and exploration with colleagues, ND provided opportunities to extend and experiment with new practice. observe and assessments were important steps were taken to cutting off progress across thematic as well as subject- based curricula. In Such a way we were able to identify failing and vulnerable children, as well as giving leaders and teachers a detailed understanding of what they need to do at the end of each Key Stage in order ensure progress. In addition, the well-developed assessment systems provided neighborly and user- friendly data to help teachers earn within-year progress . III these elements laded a key roles in the effectiveness of leading curriculum innovation.Recommendations I agree with Levine that CAP should no longer be comprised solely of short courses teachers need opportunities to reflect, engage in professional dialogue, work with pupils, and engage in peer observation, coaching and feedback (Levine, 1999) And I agree with Sparks and Hirsch, who recommend the following national professional development model for teachers Create learning schools in which all staff is involved in sustained, rigorous study of what they teach and how they teach it. Provide time for teacher professional development equaling 25 percent of time during each day for teachers to work unitedly and to collaboratively plan lesso ns and share information. Base professional development on the collaboration model-?teachers learning from each other.